Nomenclature
Sundarbans literally means beautiful forest or beautiful woodland in Bengal. The Sundarbans may have been named after Sundarbans, which grow in abundance there. Other possible explanations may be that it has been named "sea forest" by Karanaba "Chandra-Bandhede (embankment)" (ancient indigenous). But it is generally assumed that Sundarbans have been named from the beautiful trees.
A wide forest area in the Bay of Bengal, which is one of the natural wonders of the world. The largest uninterrupted tidal mangrove forest in the world of about 10,000 square kilometers is located in the southwestern part of Bangladesh, Khulna, Bagerhat and Satkhira districts and twenty-four Parganas districts of West Bengal state of India. About 6,017 sq km of the entire Sundarbans is located in Bangladesh.
The soil and ecology of mangrove forests are unique and the impact of waterlogging and salinity is obvious due to the tidal effect of this forest. Biodiversity is also unique because of this special feature. The unique combination of the beautiful creations and arrangements of wildlife and wildlife, this forest has been identified as a natural natural phenomenon. In 1903 Mr. Pine has written 334 plant species in his book written on the Sundarbans tree. 165 species of algae and 13 species of orchids are also found in the Sundarbans. Of the 50 actual mangrove plant species, only 35 species are found in the Sundarbans. The main tree species of this forest are beautiful and gewa. Apart from animals, dhrupal, garna, bine, crabs, keora etc. are also grown naturally. The Sundarbans are unique in many types of organisms. The Sunderbans is the most important residence of the Royal Bengal Tiger. About 289 species of terrestrial animals live in the Sundarbans. Besides, there are about 42 species of mammals, 35 species of reptiles, 8 species of amphibians and 219 species of aquatic animals with different species of fish. Apart from the Royal Bengal Tiger, the Sundarbans' significant mammal species include Chitra deer, Maya deer, Rhesus monkey, Forest cat, Hajaru, Upt cat and wild pig. Among the 35 species of reptiles, the largest member of the Sundarbans is Mohanar Crocer; Their number is 200. Among the serpents, there is a mention of rajgokhar, ajagar and katte. Among the invertebrates, some Molassa and Crustaceans are considered important fisheries. Among the species listed, there are about 24 species of shrimp, 14 species of crab, a few species of snails and mussels. Most birds residing in the Sundarbans are either local or residential. About 50 species of migratory migratory birds, and most of them are poultry. The diversity of the pest of the Sundarbans is also unlimited. According to the latest survey, there are 106 tigers and 1,00,000 to 1,50,000 Chitra deer and 20,000 monkeys in the Sundarbans. According to the study, the two species of amphibians, 14 species of reptiles, 25 species of birds, and 5 species of breastmilk are currently under threat. Various steps have been taken by the Department of Forests and the government to protect the biodiversity of the Sundarbans. In 1996 three wildlife sanctuaries in the Sundarbans and three dolphin sanctuaries were established in 2012 and in 2014, Swatch of No Ground has been declared as Marine Protected Area. In the year 1992, Sundarban was recognized as the site of Ramsar of 560th, because of its richness of wildlife. UNESCO declared 1,9,7,700 hectares of Wildlife Sanctuary in the Sundarbans in 1997 as the 798th World Heritage Site. In the historic period (1203-1538) a local king took the lease of the Sundarbans. Those fundamental changes that have been made in historical legal changes include being recognized as the world's first mangrove forest and under science-based supervision. The map of the Sundarbans area was prepared in 1757 after getting the rights from the Mughal Emperor Alamgir by the East India Company. The forest area was brought under organizational management since the establishment of forest department in the then Bengal province of India in 1860. At the beginning of the eighteenth century, the size of the Sundarbans was nearly twice the present.
In the British government, the Sundarbans gained recognition. L. In 1829, the human pressure over the Sundarbans gradually shrunk its area. The first survey of 1828 forests was conducted. In 1878 the entire Sundarbans area was declared as reserve forest and in 1879, the responsibilities of the entire Sundarbans were entrusted to forest department. The name of the first divisional forest officer of the Sundarbans is M. U. Green In 1884, he served as the Divisional Forest Officer of the Sundarbans. During the partition of India in 1947, 6,017 sq km of the Sundarbans fell into Bangladesh. Which is approximately 4.2% of Bangladesh's area and about 44% of the entire forest. The legal right of the first forest management department was established in 1869. According to Forest Act (Section 8) of 1965, a large part of the Sundarbans was declared as reserved forest in 1875-76. Within the next year, the remaining part is also recognized for the reserve forest. This resulted in the control of forest department under the control of the remote civil administration. Later, in 1879, forest department was established as the administrative unit for forest management, with its headquarters in Khulna. For the Sundarbans, the first forest management plan was enacted during 1893-98. In the year 1911, the Sundarbans were termed as tract am waste land, which was never surveyed and no longer came under the census. Then the boundary of the Hooghly river is approximately 165 miles (266 km) across the estuary of the Meghna river. At the same time, it has set the inter boundary between these twenty-three Parganas, Khulna and Bakerganj districts. The total area of the reservoir, including the reservoir, is estimated at 6,526 square miles (16,902 km). Watery beautiful forests are full of tigers and other wild animals. As a result, attempts to survey could not be very successful. The name Sundarbans has been named probably by its name as Sundari (Heritiera fomes). The hardwoods found from this are used to make various items including boats, furniture. Sundarbans is divided into rivers, canals, and inlet all over, some of which are used for the movement of both steamers and local boats, for communication between Kolkata and Brahmaputra basin. Geographical formation As one of the three largest mangrove forests in the world, the Sundarbans ecosystem is located in the Ganges Basin . The larger part of the Sundarbans (2 6%) of the two neighboring countries, Bangladesh and India, is located on the south-west side of Bangladesh. Bay of the South; The boundary between the Balaswar river and the area of higher density of cultivation in the north in the east. In the higher areas, other water bodies except the main branches of the river are bamboo and bundled with bumper and humid land. In fact, the size of the Sundarbans was about 16,700 sq km. (200 years ago). The current volume has decreased to about one-third of the past. Currently the total land area is 4,143 sq km. (With the volume of 42 km²) and the remaining water stream with rivers, inlet and canal, 1,874 sq km.
Sundarbans rivers mix salt water and sweet water. Thus, the area between the sweet water of the river coming from the Ganges, the saltwater of the Bay of Bengal, is the area. It is located in Satkhira, Khulna, Bagerhat, Patuakhali, Bangladesh. The Sundarbans is located in the south-western region of Bangladesh. For the year, the Sundarbans has been formed from naturally deposited poly sows due to the interstellar flow along the Bay of Bengal. Its geographical structure is the delta, which has numerous waterfalls on the surface and ground water and mud pellets. In addition, the perennial grasslands, sandfire and islands above the average elevation of the sea level, which are covered in the net like the canals, underground mud walls, the original algae mud and stored sediments. The height of the Sundarbans from the sea level is 0.9 meters to 2.11 meters.
Biological components play an important role in the process of marine matter and animal diversity. The diverse variety of beaches, estuaries, permanent and transient wetlands, mud ponds, inlet, sand dunes, and clay stacks have been formed here. The mangrove plant world itself plays a role in the formation of new land. Again, in the process of transplantation of water in the interstellar plant world plays an important role. The presence of mangrove organisms creates zodiacal ecosystem in interstellar mud ponds. It holds the policy for the production of horizontal subcutters for seeds. Ananta sandalised organization and the evolutionary process are controlled by a large number of xerophytic and halophytic trees. Trail-leaf, grass and hogla stabilize the formation of sand and unorganized polystars.
The formation of the Sundarbans along the coast is influenced by the multidisciplinary factors, including the flow of streams, the bustle and aggregate stream cycles and the long coastal streams of the sea coast. Various streams of ocean currents vary widely. They also change due to cyclone. If the decay and storage through it, although it can not be correctly measured yet, it creates a dimensional difference in the nature of the changes. However, the mangrove forest itself plays a significant role in its stability. During the seasonal rainy season, the entire Bengal Delta is submerged in water, most of which are submerged in almost half the year. The underlying sediments of the basin are primarily due to seasonal rainfall during the monsoon season and events like cyclone. The biggest problems faced by people living in the Ganges Basin in the coming years are sea level rise. Due to the change in freshwater direction in the region, freshwater expanses in many of the Indian mangrove wetlands have significantly reduced since the end of the 19th century. At the same time, due to neo-tectonic motion, the Bengal Basin has also become a little sloping in the east, which has resulted in the greater part of fresh water being part of Bangladesh's Sundarbans. As a result, Bangladesh's share of salinity in the Sundarbans is much less than the Indian part. According to a 1990 paper, "There is no evidence that the natural environment of the Himalayas or the" green house "raises the height of the sea, making Bangladesh's flood situation alarmy. However, in 2007, in UNESCO's report titled "Climate Change and World Heritage Lessons," it has been said that due to other man-made reasons, 45 cm of sea level As the height increases, more than 75 percent of the Sundarbans can be destroyed due to various man-made (within the 21st century, according to the proposed intergovernmental council in discussions on climate change). The forest of mangrove forests, along with the Sundarbans, There is no enough initiative to save- due to the national environmental courts also the burden The existence of two kinds of najibamandala sundarabane biosphere can be seen: the freshwater swamp forest and mangrove forest.
Forests of freshwater wetlands
Forests of the Sundarbans, the wetlands of the Sundarbans, belong to the tropical humid forest of Bangladesh. Examples of such forest-type wetlands The freshwater saltwater of the freshwater is slightly salted and in the rainy season this salinity decreases slightly, especially when the water of the Ganges and Brahmaputra drains the nanazal and thickness of the polymer is deposited. The variety of beautiful forests of Sundarbans contains the abundance of beautiful (Heritiera fomes), Gewa (Excoecaria agallocha ), Ceriops decandra and Sonora (Sonneratia apetala). According to Pren's estimation in 1903, there are a total of 245 species and 334 species of plants. After Prine's report there has been a significant change in the various mangrove species and their classification. The nature of the forest has been searched very rarely to keep track of these changes. Most of the other mangroves in the world have a wide variety of plant life in the mangrove forests of Bangladesh, compared with other species of Rhizophoraceae, Avicenneaceae or Laganculariaceae tree trees, but in the mangroves of Bangladesh, Sterculiaceae and Euphorbiaceae species of trees are not comparable to other coastal mangrove forests and highland forest. The importance of Rhizophoraceae less than the previous. Variations of plant life cycle have been explained in the North-East on the basis of pure water and low salinity and water extraction and sediment storage. Sundarban has been classified as a humid tropical forest which has been developed in the main forest of Sonora (Sonneratia apetala) and other coastal forests. Historically, there are three major types of plants in the Sundarbans, which have been identified based on the depth of the salinity in the water, the level of fresh water flow and the depth of the relationship with the levels of the earthquake. Besides the beauty of Sundari and Geva throughout the region, Xylocarpus granatum and Keora (Sonneratia apetala) . Among the grasses and shrubs is Poresia coaractata, Myriostachya wightiana, Shan (Imperata cylindrical)], Phragmites karka, Gulpata (Nypa fruticans) are well organized. Kheora refers to the newly formed sludge and this species is important for wildlife, especially for the Axis axis. Apart from the forest, along with the vast area of the Sundarbans, the saltwater and sweet water reservoirs, the interstate slopes, the shelf, the sand, the perennial grassland and the area of the trees and shrubs are commonly referred to. Traditionally, the sequential sequence of an area by different species of trees is meant. In a clogged mud grazing area, the new species began to be replaced step by step by the new species. Lastly, a local class of different species of trees that are suitable for the weather. According to the troupe, the sequence usually starts on the land made from new sediments. The first landmark in this newly formed land is Guevara, along with the Avicennia and the Round Page. When the land gets taller on the silt, other species of trees come in there. One of the most known but late varieties is Guevara (Excoecaria agallocha). In addition to the increase in height, there are many species of wildlife present in Sundarbari (Heritiera fomes). Livelihood Conservation Management In some areas of the Sundarbans, it is like a restricted sanctuary, where uncultivated forest resources can not be collected and there is little disruption in wild life. Although it is clear that the resources of Bangladesh have decreased in recent times and the Sundarbans are not beyond this.
Yet the Sundarbans has survived many species of progeny and other related species. Among them, Tigers and Shushuks are being planned with preservation and preservation management and tourism development. The situation of both the situation in the opposite environment and the conservation management in the risky condition is a strong indicator of overall wildlife and conservation management. According to the estimate of 2004, the Sundarbans 500 is the home of the Royal Bengal Tiger, which is the single largest part of the tiger in the world. Ecology of the Sundarbans is a fundamental nature, and the vast ecosystem of wild animals. The number of wild animals and their habitat and the management of forest management are very much affected. Turtle (Kaito Turtle - Betagur baska, Sondhi Kachim - Lissemys punctata and Smooth cartilage - Trionyx hurum), Lizard yellow monitor - Varanus flavescens and Water monitor - Varanus salvator, Python molurus and Panthera tigris tigris One of the local species of the Sundarbans. Recent research has shown that the Sundarbans of Bangladesh, a variety of important species of biodiversity, are important for commercially important 120 species of fish, 270 species of birds, 42 species of species. Tanyapayi, 35 reptile and amphibian species habitats 8. From this it is understood that there are a large number of species of different species (30% reptiles, 37% of birds and 37% mammals) in the Sundarbans of Bangladesh, and a large part of them is rare in other parts of the country. According to the government, the two species of amphibians, 14 species of reptiles, 25 species of birds, and 5 species of breastmilk are currently under threat. For birds in the field of observation, reading and research, the Sundarbans is a paradise for birds. In the meantime, many species have been extinct, including wild buffalo, para deer, wild ox, small and big horn rhinoceros, bar horn, leopard tiger. The more white spinach pair of earrings, bunting poultry, goggles, and other birds of the lake.
According to 2004 estimates, the Sundarbans is home to about 500 Royal Bengal Tiger Tigers, which is the single largest part of the tiger. These tiger countless people, about 100 to 250 people per year, are widely known for their killing. They are not the only tiger near the boundaries of human habitation. Surrounded by the tiger surroundings, the attack on humans is rare. There is no news of any deaths due to the tiger attack of the Indian part of the Sundarbans due to various measures taken for security. On the other hand, in the Sundarbans of Bangladesh, more than half of the tigers died in the chronology from 1981 to 2004. Local people and government officials take various safety measures to prevent the attack of tigers. Local fishermen celebrate the journey of Banadevi Banwibi and religious rituals before commencing. It is important for the local population to pray for safe wander in the Sundarbans. Since the tiger always attacks from behind, fishermen and woodcutters are wearing a mask behind their head. Although the system worked for a short time, the tigers understood the tactic and started attacking again. Government officials wear hard pads like a pad of American football players, which cover the back part of the neck. This arrangement is done to prevent the biting of tigers in the spine, which is their preferred attack strategy.
There is no scientific research done on the overall fish of the Sundarbans. As a result, there is no data available on the present condition of fish, extinct fish, and extinct fish. Just the fish that fish eat and fish which are suitable for export, the fish have been identified. It is believed that there are about 300 species of fish in the Sundarbans. According to Sedenstalker and High (Perspective 1978), there are 120 species of commercial fish; However, according to Barnaksek, (2000) Commercial Fish has 84 species, Crab-shrimp, 12 species and 9 species of snails. In the Sundarbans, the fisheries are divided into two parts. All fish are white fish, the rest are Bagda, Molasses, Crab. After the harvesting of shrimp in the 1980s, the abundance of fish decreased suddenly. At one time, 80 percent metatow fish in local public protein. Now the fate of the fishery is in the alliance of very few people in the area. In the Sundarbans, black sharks, elasha kamat, leuk kamat, kanua kamat are found. Earlier it was available to the Khalishpur area, now (2010) many have moved south. They have high prevalence in the Sundarbans. These numbers are very low, especially the black shark can not be seen almost. Most of the nine species of Shanklapak or Shaplapakara fish are now not seen in the Sundarbans creek area. Five species of Kucha Kama Kamila-Fishes are very poor in chikucha and paddy quiche. The locals did not eat these fish to look like left fish in the previous day. Still does not eat But thousands of crab fishes used to catch cucumber pieces of fishes as barks to catch. Winter fish or archery fish could be seen in almost alluvial water in the seafront Jungle Valley. These fish-shaped fish-shaped fishes take one-and-a-half feet of water after eating ant or insect-shaped insects in the trees, sprinkle them with irrigated water like irrigation and soak the insect into the water and eat it. This fish is taller feet in the full-age. I do not see these fish anymore. At one time the name of the java fish could have been heard, they were 55 centimeters long. Now the (2010) is the burden seen. Very tasty fish like pigeon or cottage are nowadays falling in fishermen's trap. The most familiar fish in Sundarbans is Fish Parse. The fish could be found in large quantities in the jungle for up to 16 cm long. There are very few still available. Parashee's cast-iron cast lots. Reduce the fall, fall in the red, and nowadays fewer detectable. Very tasty fish; The forests of the forest can not be seen much as they are. Kikka or Kaiksal fish in Sundarbans is much bigger than fresh water kyakkar. This leopard kicksle now (2010) is rarely caught. Two species of fatty fish in large quantities are now extinct. There is a deadly poison in the thorny side of the mouth of the fish, Kan Magur. Though some of the big ears are still available (2010) Dagi Kan Magu is now extinct. Although the Tangra variety Gulsha Tangra, Nona Tangra is still available, large size Shillong fish are almost extinct. Kajolis fish are not easily seen. Wonderful beautiful fish fish. The biggest fish in the Sundarbans is now caught, but now it is found in Kalvadre. Earlier, the Ugly Philosophy of the Sundarbans was caught in the Gangaigheya fish boro, but now it is not available (2010). Line of fish was seen quite a bit, it can not be seen lately. Even though the Datina is still available (2010), the Red Datina has become very rare. Very delicious laksha fish (local name: Tariyal Fishes: Indian Salmon) in the middle of the Sundarbans river-khari, runs a small stir, spreads in small, medium pars, and datina fish. They are about four feet tall in size. Like them, the Tapsa fish (local name Ramsushosh) has appeared in Akal (2010). Fishermen, at least five species of Cheua fish, in the big river. Red Chewia has become endangered. The symbol of the Sundarbans and all the tropical mangrove forests of the world is the fish called Mud Skipper, also known as Dahooch Fish. Five species are found in the forest. They are 9 to 22 cm long in species. Baleshwar of Banan, enough hilsa is caught in Kunga river. Chandana hilsa is available in two species of hilsa (2010). Ram fasa is available in 4 species of fish fish (2010). The number of monogamous fish decreased.
In the Sundarbans, the medium-sized bills of the bridges, inhuman, jongra, subdi-gubdi are stuck in the rainy season, the tide of water goes in some places. The water of these bills is sweet, here sweet fish are found. Most jol fish Whereas, horns, magura, two species of Taki, other than Shol, there are small fish like tangra, patty, cavity, chala, karkhina, buds and other fish. Because of the global warming, these billions of water are entering the water. These bills are counted as the end of the fish. In the Sundarbans (2010) 13 types of fishing are caught. Fractal mesh, rocket net hole is very small due to sapling fish and fish eggs are severely damaged. Increasing fisheries in the Sunderbans area is increasing rapidly. However, poisoning is the biggest harm to fish. Economy Like the economy of southwestern Bangladesh, just like in the national economy, the Sundarbans also play an important role. It is the single largest source of forest resources of the country. These forests provide raw materials in wood based industries. Apart from traditional forest produce such as timber, fuel and mud, the forest is regularly extensively collected from the forest, such as house leaves, honey, beeswax wax, fish, crabs and snails-mussels. This land of the Sundarbans of the Sundarbans, together with the necessary habitats, nutrition producers, water purifiers, silt collectors, storm preventants, coastal shelters, energy reserves and tourism centers. This forest plays a very resistant and productive role. The Sunderbans, contributing to the total income of forests, accounted for 41% of the reserve forest area and contributed 45% (World Food Organization, 1995) to the timber and fuel production. Many industries (such as Newsprint, Diesel, Hardboard, Boat, Furniture) are dependent on raw materials derived from the Sundarbans. Various non-wood resources and forestry created significant employment and income opportunities for at least half a million coastal population. Alongside the productive role, the Sundarbans also play a role in the cyclone-prone Bangladesh's coastal population and their resources as a natural safeguard. Although there is widespread use of human habitation and economic work, the forest area is close to 70 percent of the Sundarbans, according to the UK's Overseas Development Administration (ODA) in 1985. Between 1959 and 1983, the proportion of forest resources has decreased mainly due to the presence of two mangrove species In case - beautiful (Heritiera fomes) and gewa. The reduction amount was 40% and 45% respectively (Forrestal 1960 and NADA 1985). Moreover, despite the complete restriction of other wildlife victims other than fish and some invertebrates, there is an indication of decrease of biodiversity (in this century, at least 6 species of mammals and 1 species of reptiles) and consequently the quality of ecology is decreasing (IUCN 1994).
The sanctuary of Bangladesh
The Sundarbans area of Bangladesh is about 4,110 sq km. The river, canal and inlet are about 1,700 sq km. Whose width ranges from a few meters to a few kilometers Till Due to interconnected waterways, it is easy to navigate easily in almost all places of the Sundarbans. The management of the Sundarbans consists of two forestry departments, four administrative ranges - Chandpai, Sharankhola, Khulna and Burigolini and 16 forest stations. The forest is again divided into 55 compartments and 9 blocks. In 1993, Khulna Forest Circle has been formed for the conservation of forests and a conservator of posts has been created. The post of administrative head of the Department is from Khulna. For implementing necessary management and administrative decisions, there are a number of professional, amateur and supportive manpower under the Divisional Forest Officer. The central unit of management is the compartment. 55 compartments under four forest ranges are clearly divided into natural features such as rivers, canals, inlet. Three of the sanctuaries in Bangladesh were established in 1977 by the Bangladesh Wildlife Preservation Act, 1973 (P.O. 23 of 1973). These are:
Eastern Sundarban Wildlife Sanctuary: Area is approximately 31,227 hectares. Gita (Excoecaria agallocha), P. and Keora (Bruguiera gymnorrhiza), along with sweetness and beautiful plants (Heritiera fomes), includes the flood prone area. Singra (Cynometra ramiflora) is relatively dry ground, Amur (Amoora cucullata) is in the waterfalls area, the grilled (Ceriops decandra) is in the salted area and the round leaves (Nypa fruticans) are along the waterway.
Southern Sundarbans sanctuary covers a wide area of 36,970 hectares. There is evidence of huge seasonal variation of salinity in the area. The main tree species in the relatively long-standing saline area include Gueva. It is often grown in places where beautiful beauties can not flourish successfully.
The western Sunderbans sanctuary is located at 71,502 hectares of area. The relatively dry land of this area and the river Gewa, Garna and Hantal were born.
Permission for traveling to the Sundarbans:
On the eve of the journey to the Sundarbans, the name of the traveler, the name of the place, the time of the travel, and the application of launch surveys, along with the departmental forest officer will apply. Divisional Forest Officer decided to verify the application and within 48 hours, the matter was resolved. Tourists are permitted to travel to the Sundarbans through registered / unregistered tourist launches. Travelers are allowed to enter the Sundarbans with respect to the payment of the revenue fixed by the government at the concerned forest station. Armed security is provided with the fees payable if necessary. The only mangrove forest in the world. Royal Bengal Tiger Residence. Click here to know more about how to go: On the river: Khulna Launchghat can be used as a beautiful forest with launch. There is a launch in the night and in the morning. By road: Khulna karake karara by going to the Sundarban go.
